Prognostic Role of sST2 in Acute Heart Failure and COVID-19 Infection-A Narrative Review on Pathophysiology and Clinical Prospective.

The importance of cardiovascular biomarkers in clinical practice increased dramatically in the last years, and the interest extends from the diagnosis purpose to prognostic applications and response to specific treatment. Acute heart failure, ischemic heart failure, and COVID-19 infection represent different clinical settings that are challenging in terms of the proper prognostic establishment. The aim of the present review is to establish the useful role of sST2, the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (ST2), physiologically involved in the signaling of interleukin-33 (IL-33)-ST2 axis, in the clinical setting of acute heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease, and SARS-CoV-2 acute infection. Molecular mechanisms associated with the IL33/ST2 signaling pathways are discussed in view of the clinical usefulness of biomarkers to early diagnosis, evaluation therapy to response, and prediction of adverse outcomes in cardiovascular diseases.

Time to hospitalisation, CT pulmonary involvement and in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients in an Emergency Medicine Unit.

BACKGROUND: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are often treated at home given the limited healthcare resources. Many patients may have sudden clinical worsening and may be already compromised at hospitalisation. We investigated the burden of lung involvement according to the time to hospitalisation. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, 55 consecutive COVID-19-related pneumonia patients were admitted to the Emergency Medicine Unit. Groups of lung involvement at computed tomography were classified as follows: 0 (<5%), 1 (5%-25%), 2 (26%-50%), 3 (51%-75%) and 4 (>75%). We also investigated in-hospital death and the predictive value of Yan-XGBoost model and PREDI-CO scores for death. RESULTS: The median age was 74 years and 34 were men. Time to admission increased from 2 days in group 0 to 8.5-9 days in groups 3 and 4. A progressive increase in LDH, CRP and d-dimer was found across groups, while a decrease of lymphocytes paO2 /FiO2 ratio and SpO2 was found. Ten (18.2%) patients died during the in-hospital staying. Patients who died were older, with a trend to lower lymphocytes, a higher d-dimer, creatine phosphokinase and troponin T. The Yan-XGBoost model did not accurately predict in-hospital death with an AUC of 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.76), which improved after the addition of the lung involvement groups (AUC 0.68, 95%CI 0.45-0.90). Conversely, a good predictive value was found for the original PREDI-CO score with an AUC of 0.76 (95% CI 0.58-0.93) which remained similar after the addition of the lung involvement (AUC 0.76, 95% CI 0.57-0.94). CONCLUSION: We found that delayed hospital admission is associated with higher lung involvement. Hence, our data suggest that patients at risk for more severe disease, such as those with high LDH, CRP and d-dimer, should be promptly referred to hospital care.